I have dozens of enemies that are simply recolors of eachother. Is there a faster way of animating them than having to make new animation clips for every single one?

You could look into using a shader that supports palette swaps via indexed colors.

Like @Cherno say. Most skilled one would use Shader to change Color based on Code instead of using animator. And some god-like would just animated 2D with shader

Animator of unity mostly used to manage Clips. I am don't even use Animator except holding clips. I just change clip and state(blend too) through coding since it is much more flexible.

Why couldn't you attach the same animator to all your ennemies? If the hierarchy is the same for every ennemy, it should be fine.

As Hellium says, why don't you just reuse the same animator? In fact, there is no need for shader "magic" for recoloring, you can just change the material of the enemy object (and probably save it as a prefab), and you have your enemy with different color. Unless, of course, the meshes are different, but then it's not just a recolor anymore, is it?